Thutmose II: The Pharaoh of the Exodus After the death of the two previous kings, and a 40 year sojourn in Midian, Moses was free to return from exile during the reign of Thutmose II, hence the command of God, " Go, return into Egypt: for all the men are dead which sought thy life " (Ex.4:19). There are possible reasons for the name of the city. 1.There appears to be no logical reason to write Moshe as marrying Zipporah, a Midianite (the arch enemies of the Israelites) unless such were the case. ), Arameans, etc. Furthermore, the Book of Exodus is full of anachronisms—like the mention of the Israelites building the city of Pithom—that strongly suggest it was written long after the events it describes are supposed to have happened. And at the end of 210 years YHVH brought the the children of Israel out of Egypt with a strong hand – that year was 2448 from Adam. involved with the Israelities. J Williams. it is inconceivable that something on the scale of the Exodus could have happened and not left any evidence at all behind. He’s not the sort of person we’d expect to leave any identifiable trace in the archaeological record. She fits the time-line perfectly. Firstly the event is certainly true and there indeed is evidence from recent discoveries to substantiate the Exodus and the place of their crossing as well as the dates recorded which do substantiate the Indeed, everywhere barley has perished …. Also, I expressly state later in my article that the story of the Exodus probably existed before the Book of Exodus itself was written. So who was the Pharaoh of the Exodus? Since the pharaoh who built the city with Israelite labor died before the Exodus events (Ex. The Pharaoh of the Exodus Ex. I have forgotten a lot since then; it would be hard (though far from impossible) for me to restart with the same level of detail I did seven years ago. (Exodus 12:30: “[T]here was not a house where there was not one dead.”) During a 40 year period before Exodus, the Bible says Moses went into exile into Midian for the killing of an Egyptian slave master, where he awaited the death of Egypt's Pharaoh. There is no way that the Israelites could have built both of them for the same pharaoh. Your email address will not be published. 2:23, and the Pharaoh of the Exodus is the one described thereafter, since 2:23 records that the Pharaoh of the Oppression died. (Exodus 7:20, 18: “[A]nd all the waters that were in the river were turned to blood. It’s far from impossible from Israelites to have been a part of that. Here again is another possible allusion to the departing Israelites, now able to worship their God, whom to that point was unknown to them (e.g., Exodus 3:13). For instance, it would be absurd to demand contemporary archaeological evidence for the existence of Jesus, since he was just a single man who wasn’t particularly wealthy or important during his lifetime. So who was the Pharaoh of the Exodus? A subsequent pharaoh, perhaps the next, continued to oppress the Hebrews. 2:23), his son Tutankhamen would then be the Pharaoh of the Exodus. I am not a Jew so I do not have a huge interest in proving the historicity of the Exodus, BUT, as a scholar, I’m willing to give it a try: Finkelstein considers the exodus story to have already existed in the Northern Kingdom, though. (Ussher’s date is 1491 B.C., and Beecher’s is 1498.) Exodus and the place of their crossing as well as the dates recorded. The results may surprise you, because they offer insights into the Biblical narrative and also lead to an explanation of how Israel emerged as the first monotheistic nation. Exodus 1:1-22 is a sweeping saga that covers hundreds of years and several Egyptian pharaohs. There’s only a single reference to a city of Succoth (which Tell el-Retabeh is likely to have been) prior to the 7th century BC. What Is the Correct Pronunciation of “Gyro”. More Part 2: Archaeologists search for proof that pharaohs enslaved God's chosen people as the Bible says Naturally, the horses and horsemen of Egypt were considered to be Pharaoh's. He ruled for 33 years before Moses came back in 1446. We just don’t have any of that. Light refreshments will be served. What the ancestors foretold has arrived, Ipuwer wrote near the start of his scroll. Ipuwer laments the utter—and sudden—destruction of the land. Thutmose II was Pharaoh for seven more years, and then his son Thutmose III became Pharaoh in 1479. According to many European researchers, the biblical toponym Gashan (i.e. The king before Amenhotep II is Thutmose III the pharaoh of the Exodus as the numbers reveal. Telephone: *2421 * Extension 4 Jerusalem Post or 03-7619056 Fax: 03-5613699E-mail: subs@jpost.com
In Exodus 14:28, the waters cover "all the army of Pharaoh," but Pharaoh himself is not mentioned. Thutmose II (1493–1479 BC). Following the conclusions of the above discussion, and if the revised chronology of Egyptian history is correct, then Amenhotep II (1450-1425 B.C.) If you are not aware of it yet I think you will not put it down and look totally different at old Jewish history. Lv 5. So we must ask: “Why did they write what they wrote?”; “What motivated them at that time?”; “What were they trying to achieve with their contemporary community?” The evidence supporting Tuth-"MOSIS" III as the Exodus Pharaoh is awesome! 8-10. Favorite Answer. Exodus 2:23 And it came to pass in process of time, that the king of Egypt died: and the children of Israel sighed by reason of the bondage, and they cried, and their cry came up unto God by reason of the bondage. In order to harmonize the book of Exodus, Egyptian history, and secular archaeology, one has to be open-minded about potential dates for the events recorded in all three sources. Indeed, you would expect to find mountains of evidence for it; it supposedly involved an entire nation living in slavery in Egypt for generations, ten massive plagues that supposedly utterly devastated the land of Egypt, and an entire nation leaving Egypt, wandering in the desert for generations, and eventually leading a bloody invasion of Canaan. It is possible that, when the Book of Exodus was first being composed, there were still some people alive who could personally remember when the great Judahite king Josiah was killed in combat against the forces of Pharaoh Necho II in the Battle of Megiddo in around 609 BC. And although the historical accuracy of these events has been questioned by some, historians have suggested the Pharaoh may have been Rameses II, Rameses III, Thutmose II or Akhenaten. Lastly, to make a comparison to another controversial subject, there is no solid archeological evidence for the Aryan Migration Theory, and yet it is almost unanimously accepted by both early and contemporary Indologists (both Anglo-American and Indian) primarily on the basis of linguistic analysis. According to the orthodox dating system of Egypt, Thutmose III of the Eighteenth Dynasty was the Pharaoh of the Exodus; his reign according to one orthodox chronology was 1479 to 1426 B.C. But though that’s not evidence for Pithom being used as a city name prior to the 7th century BC, it is extremely weak evidence against. All internal evidence indicates that at least a large portion of the Book of Exodus was written during the time between those years. A common title in the Bible for the king of Egypt . The Pharaoh of the Exodus Finally, we consider the identity of the famous pharaoh of the biblical exodus. It is for this reason that scholars must debate under whom Joseph served, who instituted the slavery, and who was the pharaoh of the Exodus. Enter your email address to subscribe to Tales of Times Forgotten and receive notifications of new posts by email. Here follows some of the things we wrote there: Indeed, the river is blood, yet men drink of it. His rule matches that of the Pharaoh of the Exodus. Genesis and Exodus mention various Egyptian kings, or Pharaohs (derived from ancient Egyptian pr ʿ3‘great house’), but never mention their names. ABOVE: Photograph from Wikimedia Commons of the site of Qantir, where the ancient city of Pi-Rameses was once located. Answer Save. Thus those who take this view are not really taking the text seriously. They did not have the Western 21st century concept of history. Behold, the fire has gone up on high, and its burning goes forth against the enemies of the land …. If there is archaeological evidence for the Exodus, it is to be found in the early iron age settlement burst in the West Bank (though this is more likely demographic expansion caused by the end of the Egyptian Empire that continued at a more or less constant rate until the Assyrian conquests). Today, Rameses the Great is the favorite for pharaoh of the Exodus, though his choice raises as many problems as it solves. Your email address will not be published. The phrase “harden one’s heart” is unique to Egyptian culture and has no precedent in the cultures of Israel’s neighbors. Don’t believe everything you read in The Bible Unearthed (which is not a good book, though Finkelstein’s later papers are very good). The Exodus, though, is one of those things that you definitely would expect to find archaeological evidence for. According to the orthodox dating system of Egypt, Thutmose III of the Eighteenth Dynasty was the Pharaoh of the Exodus; his reign according to one orthodox chronology was 1479 to 1426 B.C. Would that he had perceived their nature in the first generation; then he would have imposed obstacles, he would have stretched out his arm against them, he would have destroyed their herds and their heritage. 8-10. Genesis and Exodus mention various Egyptian kings, or Pharaohs (derived from ancient Egyptian pr ʿ3 ‘great house’), but never mention their names. You are correct; I did misremember; it’s been years since I’ve last researched this. (1485-1464) First was when he was a baby and his stepmother Hatshepsut ruled as co-regent for 21 years. After much research, this is the story of pharaohs as I understand it in verses 8-15… Pharaoh Ahmose—vs. Until the nineteenth century, Europeans had very little knowledge of ancient Egyptian history. The Pharaoh then refuses to let the Israelites go. Likewise Ex. View all posts by Spencer Alexander McDaniel. (Exodus 9:23-24: “[A]nd the fire ran along upon the ground …. Every town says: “Let us suppress the powerful among us.”. He reigned from about 1280 … is an intriguing study of Old Testament chronology and helps to make ancient history come alive.The author shows that conventional history of Egypt, based on a listing of Pharaohs and dynasties prepared about 300 B.C. reveals the full account of the Exodus and more – that answers most questions that have been asked. (Exodus 10:22: “[A]nd there was a thick darkness in all the land of Egypt three days.”) Most of what was known came from the Bible and various writings in Greek, especially The Histories, written by the Greek historian Herodotos of Halikarnassos (lived c. 484 – c. 425 BC); surviving portions of the Egyptika, written by the Egyptian priest Manethon, who lived in around the early third century BC; and The Historical Library, written by the Greek historian Diodoros Sikeliotes (lived c. 90 – c. 30 BC). Thom, Thoum, or Titimaeus, therefore, was the Pharaoh of the Exodus! When all the evidence is considered, they remain the most likely candidates. He could have been the Pharaoh from whom Moses escaped Egypt to land of of Median. Exodus 15:19 supports this: "For the horses of Pharaoh went with his chariots and his horsemen into the sea, and the L ORD brought back the waters of the sea upon them."
(Exodus 12:29: “[A]t midnight the Lord smote all the firstborn in the land of Egypt, from the firstborn of the Pharaoh that sat on his throne unto the firstborn of the captive that was in the dungeon ….”) They were welcomed in peacefully, as herdsmen, and were separated out from the other Egyptians in order to raise their livestock (Genesis 46:34—“for every shepherd is an abomination unto the Egyptians”). Goshen) in Egypt must be located in the northeastern Delta because the Exodus-Pharaoh was supposedly a king of the New Kingdom Eighteenth or Nineteenth Dynasty and the only place with a substantial population of "Asiatic" foreigners in Egypt during the period of the New Kingdom was the Delta. Many are familiar with the basic story of how Pharaoh ordered the murder of the Jewish boys and enslavement of the adults; how Moses, acting as G‑d ’s agent, brought 10 plagues upon him and his people; and how he met his end … Cecil B. DeMille would have you believe that Rameses I was the Pharaoh of the Exodus. (Exodus 9:3, 6: “Behold, the hand of the Lord is upon thy cattle which is in the field, upon the horses, upon the asses, upon the camels, upon the oxen, and upon the sheep: there shall be a very grievous murrain. Who was the Pharaoh of the Exodus? There are, however, many problems with identifying Rameses II as the pharaoh of the exodus, one of which is that he was one of the longest reigning kings in ancient Egypt. (Exodus 9:15: “[T]hat I may smite thee and thy people with pestilence ….” Exodus 7:19: “[T]hat there may be blood throughout all the land of Egypt ….”) Athenian Democracy Wasn’t Really That Great. Interesting. Pharaoh’s MAGRON died in the 102nd year. Those who couldn’t remember it because they hadn’t been born yet when the battle took place had probably heard about the battle from their parents or grandparents. Pepi II, who ruled for 90 years, is the only pharaoh who meets this requirement. The first deportation of Judahites to Babylon took place in around 597 BC. 13:00
Furthermore, we know from archaeological evidence that the ancient city of Pithom was located at the site of tell el-Maskhuta in northeastern Egypt and the city was founded by Pharaoh Necho II at some point between c. 609 and c. 606 BC. The exodus occurred in Thutmose III’s 18 year of rule after his mother died. Before you praise E. Harding too much, you should probably be made aware that he is a white supremacist and misogynist who thinks that black people and women are less intelligent than white men, who has repeatedly praised the Neo-Nazi Richard Spencer, and who openly supports the creation of a “white ethnostate” (whatever that means). 2. The word Pithom, though, only appears in the written record as the name of a city from the late seventh century BC onwards. Since Exodus does not specify Pharaoh by any name other than his official title, identifying the ruler of Egypt at this critical juncture relies almost entirely on the dating issue. It is interesting that you deny the historicity of Jesus, which we have a great deal of evidence for, but yet you insist on agnosticism as to whether the Exodus really happened, even though we have absolutely no reliable evidence for the Exodus. And although the historical accuracy of these events has been questioned by some, historians have suggested the Pharaoh may have been Rameses II, Rameses III, Thutmose II or Akhenaten. There were three distinct phases to his rule. This has a familiar ring to the initial arrival of Jacob, his 12 sons and extended family to Egypt. Even if the entire Egyptian population been fully dedicated to the task of hiding all the evidence, there’s no way they could have done it; someone would have written about it or alluded to it, there would be massive graveyards for all the people who died from the plagues, there would be evidence of the devastation. According to Stewart, the Exodus occurred in 1446 B.C. So there was hail, and fire mingled with the hail, very grievous ….”) God stated that the land within which the Israelites dwelled—Goshen, within Lower Egypt—would be spared. Could this be a government cover-up. Thus the logic of Exodus 14–15 is that Pharaoh did die by drowning at the time of the Exodus. … [A]nd all the cattle of Egypt died.”) It is interesting that Ipuwer here made specific mention of the utter destruction of Upper Egypt. Toll Free number in Israel only 1-800-574-574
I don’t think we have any reliable evidence for either. Naturally, the horses and horsemen of Egypt were considered to be Pharaoh's. If any of this really happened, we would expect to find archaeological evidence for it all over the place, but we don’t. It’s also silly to claim that “no ancient people would invent an ancestry that was composed of slaves.” The story of the Exodus was clearly told to show that YHWH, the god of the people of Israel, was superior to the deities of the Egyptians and that he would always deliver his people from oppression. Likewise, there are no records or inscriptions of any kind whatsoever from any time close to the time when the Exodus is supposed to have taken place that even hint at a historical Exodus. As Lemche said, Pithom is definitely mentioned in pre-7th century BC texts, though (and this is what I got wrong) not as a city name (though Succoth is mentioned as a city name in one pre-7th century BC text). The Ancient Book of Jasher (as referenced in the books of Joshua 10:13; 2Samuel 1:18 and in 2Timothy 3:8 ) (1485-1431). History shows that Amenhotep II had only been co-Pharaoh for a couple of years when this firstborn infant son died. I believe the Biblical account and that it was Thutmoses III. Moses and the Pharaoh: Who Was the Pharaoh of the Exodus? It’s not found in the Amarna letters, or any other Egyptian text. And Moses was fourscore years old, and Aaron fourscore and three years old, when they spoke to Pharaoh. I don’t consider the Exodus to be verifiable or falsifiable. What Was the Conversion of the Roman Empire to Christianity Really Like? 1304-1236 B.C.) The Egyptian records do not mention the Exodus, but from their literature it can be deduced that the heretic Pharaoh Akhenaten was the … Naturally, the horses and horsemen of Egypt were considered to be Pharaoh's. Who Was the Pharaoh of the Exodus? One document worthy to be read, which bears extreme resemblance, if not entire, with the biblical account of the Exodus is the Ipuwer Papyrus. However, these arguments ignore the multitude of ways in which Ipuwer differs from Exodus, such as that it describes the Asiatics as arriving in Egypt rather than leaving, and that the “river is blood” phrase may refer to the red sediment colouring the Nile during disastrous floods, or simply be a poetic image of turmoil. Tell el-Retabeh (which did have a temple to Atum during the thirteenth century BC and was the 25th/26th Dynasty predecessor settlement to Tell el-Maskhuta) has to be something. Moses and the Pharaoh: Who Was the Pharaoh of the Exodus? Could this be a government cover-up. Bux. It’s not like I ever lost the ability to find the raw material to construct such a history, though. Once we examine the Book of Exodus as a work of fiction written by Judahites living in captivity in Babylon—a people whose homeland had been taken from them, whose city had been utterly demolished, whose Temple had been destroyed, and whose God seemed to have abandoned them—it starts to make sense why the story is told the way it is. So Dudimose is the pharaoh of the biblical exodus. According to Stewart, the Exodus occurred in 1446 B.C. This point is confirmed by Psalm 136:15 which says that Yahweh “overthrew Pharaoh and his host in the Red Sea” (cf. It is for this reason that scholars must debate under whom Joseph served, who instituted the slavery, and who was the pharaoh of the Exodus. Thutmose III is the Pharaoh of the oppression, and Amenhotep II was the Pharaoh of the exodus. Moses was around 1525 B.C Ramses II was 1258 BC So it could have not been Ramses II like many assume. The recent film Exodus, Gods and Kings had Ramesses the Great as the step-brother of Moses and the pharaoh of the Exodus. These were suddenly abandoned near the end of the 13th dynasty. Some suggest that Moses intentionally decided not to name Pharaohs in order to snub these mighty kings who claimed to be gods… In order to harmonize the book of Exodus, Egyptian history, and secular archaeology, one has to be open-minded about potential dates for the events recorded in all three sources. (Exodus 12:35-36: “And the children of Israel … borrowed of the Egyptians jewels of silver, and jewels of gold, and raiment …. Ipuwer wrote: [Behold, he who did not know] his god now offers to him with incense of another …. Context of that community thus critical to uncover the reasons they wrote each... The step-brother of Moses and the flax and the Pharaoh of the Exodus )! 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