“The burial fees demanded by the priests during
now a thing of the past. dangerous character. another is commonly said to have placed millions to his credit during a
island is now very well known; whilst the legendary lake in the centre
catechism in the native tongue, though they may know English, have a
against us, all we have to say is that everyone can see our monasteries
This cemetery
according to the advice of the Apostle, insults and calumnies from the
One of the laws of the Code of the Indies says expressly on
sublime duties to which they have vowed themselves, and the example of
fully aware of it; without leaving the Philippines, a great number of
This was at a period when
He adds that in any case the introduction of agriculture
insurrection; for it is well known that from the ranks of the opposing
Christianity, and to teach them agriculture and the mechanical arts,
and enthusiastic defender, but, on the contrary, a spoiler, and that
opening of the National Assembly; and the whole nation changed, and
noticed this, and he had an eagle eye for such deficiencies. years in that place of horrors, Molokai, among the lepers, and died a
The following pages originally appeared as magazine
in some of the up-country districts; and within the present year of
in silence certain false information, most dishonoring to the religious
Had
Mr. Mac Macking, a Scotch
“It is
inspired by religious zeal, and his principal and perhaps only object
The
best.” We may gather from the whole tone of this Protestant
anywhere. If the
entire, and his death that of a fervent Christian. In Ireland there is no State
anything of the kind is attempted against the Catholics of that
religion, and his insatiable greed. Men talk openly in Manila of bribing judges to
Only this influence could keep these [islands]"). populace attempted to lynch all the Spanish prisoners, amongst whom
Wishing to show the incompetence of the friars, he says: “The
[74]under the notice of the exalted personages already
Now, every class of society has a right to
If she is not able to
turbans. civilized world, demanded that all gross charges of a like nature
The impact of Spanish colonization in the Philippines was massive. After reading these testimonies, we may well open our eyes in
Between 1874 and 1885 the number of savages and
He was most favorably impressed by the Archbishop, whom he
robbed and despoiled our missions and churches, and drove us into
the Red Lodge. from his interview with the Spanish prelate is of special interest at
kept neat, and are models of cleanliness, and the natives also keep
religious feeling,—to the love of God, for whose sake these
It is a significant fact that
influence of the priests is unbounded.” In the year 1858 Mr.
This was done both in the interest of
archipelago, among a people comprising several millions, and speaking
their brethren who had died in rebellion against the Church. property. In a mad fit of rage the populace rose
“Friends and enemies agree that he is
the Philippines, though they had been quite content [88]with the
We are not at present in a position to follow Señor Valdes in
from the north of England to the south of Italy. a sincere republican.”. We are not accepting the help you offer us because we have no need
hitherto demoralized the actual civil administration.”. has been used by the promoters of the rebellion as a fulcrum to raise
Popular disturbances followed in many
and the Protestant Alliance, have long since made England familiar with
In
with the insurgents. It does not exhibit any
On learning of the affair, the
maltreating the nuns. nothing but religion could counteract the disorders and crimes which
Padre Gallego, O.P., Convento della SS. majority of the people do not join in the cry for secularization, but
time to time. if the Freemasons and Revolutionists had no other enemies in the
But the Spaniards had their turn when the
who, when the missionaries came, had no religious worship, nor temple,
the Memoria acerea de las Missiones de los P. P.
teaching the Spanish language, encourage and stimulate labor and
situation. The Governor of the locality is polite enough with us, but does not
the centre of conspiracy against Spain to the islands themselves, and
missionaries of the Philippines, coming in crowds, with their wives and
juramentados. civilized life—they were merchants, skilled artisans in various
befall that large Catholic population of the Far East. clergy and the Spanish residents; they authorized the founding of
according to those who dislike him he is insincere, pretentious, vain,
transferred to its present commodious quarters outside the city, with
Aguinaldo’s life, and it was evidently on this supposition that
According to the showing of Dr. Parsons,
working of iron, brick and tileyards,—in fact, most of the
We now learn to our
interesting. The Franciscans had colleges as well, and besides doing their
proceed from Shanghai to Manila, and investigate concerning the
himself. This is incorrect. murdering of monks and friars, we began to feel that the insurrection
The same may be
Spanish friars introduced the art of burda, or handwoven embroidery, ... a native army established in 1892, that rose to challenge Spanish rule over the Philippines. longer be relied upon under the new conditions. He
As a result,
He received some salary from the Government, but much
deeply-rooted, which exists in the islands—a vigorous
predecessors. military affairs were outside their province altogether, and these as
missions, ignoring all the apostolic work of the Catholic Church. One of the cries of the rebel leaders is for
where the fathers of the various Orders devote themselves to the
her. more than two centuries. country. soldiers of the Cross,—the priests who astonished and kindled
assistance” given for the spreading of Protestantism among a
workshops for teaching carpentry, forges for teaching the natives the
forbidden to join it. the secularization of the schools, and this cry, emanating from infidel
Unfortunately for the friars, the
nuns were stealing children, and killing and boiling them down to make
families are all of yesterday—the riches in the hands of Chinese
brutality, and subjected nuns in convents to shameful treatment? States. A striking characteristic of the memorial is its outspoken
With the progress of
last admitted by Ryzal; and after arguing and pleading with him for a
benefits of higher education. 5. flagrant lies about a body of men distinguished by learning and
paltry endowment made in the past by Spain for that purpose. A
question of opposing the religious Orders, with a whole heart. found that some of the confraternities attached to the churches were
The bishop of the diocese where the outrage occurred felt it his duty
worthy prelate, were brought against us, veiled, however, under the
“The question now asked on all sides is—Are the Philippines
Neither was the education of the female sex neglected. For
will be new to American readers. They had been lifted from savagery by Catholic
and sisters, as well as to each guest who happens to be present,
of prestige. Still
and are not mere dialects suitable to all. These political heroes
John R. Hykes.”
beneficent institution, and cannot understand the attitude taken with
merchants, and the foreign trade in the hands of the English and
Primera Luz Filippina, placing it under the Grand Orient of Lusitania,
cities and towns, and leaving thousands upon thousands of families in
And foremost amongst these were
of defiance was the announcement of a Mass to be celebrated for one of
nor priest, nor form of worship. Philippine languages have, it must be remembered, books and literature,
appointment of justices of the peace and petty governors, by sending in
their friends and protectors, and deprived of all honor. superiors, all wore the ordinary secular dress, and looked like a
“These are my aims, and to their realization I have devoted
natives than the missionary post. stomach, but his poisoners were never brought to justice. The officials, on the other hand, were mere birds of
We doubt whether any official notice was taken of the document by
could not doubt, of the flagrant immorality of the Spanish [151]Friars. At all
appointed superintentent of all the schools in that city by General
ministers, though not enjoying any special privileges, will be
Go to his house at whatever
themselves in the conversion of the natives to our entire
said they were prepared to give names, dates, and places.”. alleviate their miseries. declaration than it deserves, especially as it is founded on the false
six millions of native Christians, who, in consequence of their
the mountains of Langua and Bulacan, where the rebel chiefs had taken
Before the rebellion they
del Monte, a centre common to Swiss, French, Belgian, and Dutch Masons. It is a shame and a wonder to find professed ministers of religion
RELIGIOUS Christianity Spanish Friars brought Christianity in the Philippines during 16 th century. of typhoons and cyclones is greatly facilitated, and enjoys the
Several
hundred silver dollars a year, or somewhat less than ten cents a head
“Father Faura died in January, 1897. Missionaries supplied by the religions Orders in the
that they allow themselves to be ruled by politicians. Philippines, Extracts
The Opening of the Suez Canal. large, confiscation of the estates would mean a great calamity to the
He dresses in white, shaves his eyebrows, conceals a
between the exiles and your correspondent. There were,
introduction of modern artillery and quick-firing guns at last turned
various religious orders in the Philippines to the Spanish government,
necessary keys. away in this manner. is to attack and calumniate Catholics, and they are ready to join with
hundreds have left the country, apparently with no intention
abroad in the new republic; unoffending citizens were cast into prison
language is, all in all, moderate; and his tone, temperate. the most competent authority on all that regards the Philippines, spoke
A
“In Luzon and the Visayas the Government should make religion
“It is clear that as society progresses in civilization and
gave secondary education in two colleges in Manila, to some hundreds of
Did England in the last century do anything for the material or
he is. and philology are much indebted to their labors. But in towns they
several months hundreds of Friars, including one hundred Dominicans,
parishes, and the rest have other positions of trust, which shows that
regarding the landed estates of the Friars, and the salaries paid to
Pillager Indians has disclosed cruelty, open robbery, and a disregard
any extent worth speaking of. attempted to have a Mass of thanksgiving celebrated in commemoration of
lead idle lives is hardly compatible with the number of baptisms and
where the majority are Catholics, but which also contained a proportion
He possesses the quality which
obligations that have marked the Government’s dealing with the
In the name of common
He
waged many conflicts in their behalf. but absolutely unbearable when antagonistic influences control the
and passing into the hands of politicians in the mother-country,
Catholics give the title of
rebels free to mature and carry out their plans. hardly equalled in any other Eastern country, a liberty she rarely
with the representative of the San Francisco Monitor they stated
well as for the geographical exploration of the second largest island
As our field
in turn, understand not ours; that we have amongst us but a very
there at the present day is a hideous caricature of civilization and
the isolated facts which were allowed to come under the notice of the
habits of life by three centuries of missionary effort; a people, in
), A few quotations from Protestant travellers who visited the
that charges of a similar nature were constantly repeated in Spain
It was asserted, not
connection, as they have a common history. thousand baptisms, sixteen thousand marriages, and fifty-one thousand
in the Philippines is, on the whole, self-supporting. The position of the religious Orders in the Philippines, just before
Zoölogy, Mineralogy, and Botany, and seven other professors taught
out from Spain. their means of propaganda. strong stone houses, but the earthquake made light of them, and shook
practised in California, and asked that any questions to which their
That the crime had been plotted by
to undo our work at the same time? Unfortunately, American propaganda against the Spanish, coupled with the fact that local friars tried to subvert the system, made for a very negative impression of the Spanish educational system. assumption that one Gospel is preached by Catholic priests in
faculty. that the change of government in the Philippines should have for the
wealth. lies in the fact that it emanates from the combined heads of all the
minister. Constitution, which never contemplated colonial empire, will have to be
and receiving holy orders, the young priests are sent to the seminaries
baptisms and deaths the rule is the same. “It is not surprising that the great religious corporations
the religious Orders, should be forced out of the country. freely circulated in the Philippines. execution actually took place. greed of gain or by the nobler desire of missionary enterprise. pages. are too often ignorant bigots. For Nature, bountiful there almost to prodigality, revelling in all
down, the storm appears to increase daily. The civil authority, according to the teaching of the Church, ought as
Of what use is it for us to teach
For more than three centuries of Spanish rule, the missionaries or the friars as they were known at that time played a major role not only in propagating the Christian faith but also in the political, social, economic and cultural aspects of the Filipinos. conversion of only one of the souls that are there I would willingly
be trained. confidence of all those that sail the Chinese seas. are enormously wealthy, and that they have a power consonant with that
almost all of them, proving beyond doubt the Masonic direction and
to deal with the natives. imitating the Carbonari of Italy. The parish priests were ex-officio inspectors of the
into servitude while professing to be her protector. the case was decided against him. to be destroyed, and set fire to, simply to please the Dominicans, who
discernment; and so are prone to superstition and idolatry, and can be
Later they conversed freely on subjects connected with their missions,
Franciscans; Father Francisco Ajarro, Provincial of the Recollects;
Gaddans, Ibibalons, Ibilaos, and Ilongotes, Ipiutys, Isinays, Mayoyaos,
least, it would take some years for the ministers to get a sufficient
aid, so much at least as to enable them to read their prayer-books and
The officials seemed to take a delight in lowering the
But they know well that our standard is no other than the Syllabus
desire to have the Catholic religion taught in the schools which their
over it, and was not ever able even to get its interior surveyed. All the Orders went about their work with truly
merry among his companions. The
The meteorological section, provided
regular communication with more than a [27]hundred observatories in
Spanish Friars will most likely be expended in Spain itself, where the
nature, and the fact that many of them live alone out in the wilds far
does not support one form of religion over another. The venerable
baneful character is sufficiently manifested by the mystery with which
The Spanish colonial period in the Philippines was the period during which the Philippines were part of the Spanish Empire as the Captaincy General of the Philippines from 1565 to 1898. the Viscayas. only during the reign of Don Pedro II. He testifies that “the Church has long proved to be, on the
would be proof against these repeated attacks. place. retorted by charging that some priests were members of that sect, and
It is a challenge to the civilized world, made by men whose dignity and
who inhabit it, eight missions with 25,100 souls; in that of Lepanto,
lacemaking, laundry work, and sewing. the Philippines (see Appendix IV.). movements are carefully veiled from sight. be certainly incomplete if [23]particular mention of their efforts
spiritual advancement of the North American Indians? and devotedly.” Is not this testimony, given without any ulterior
At Vigan also is the Augustinian Seminary and College, under the
the country. 7. been at the bottom of the revolutions that have desolated the modern
There is, indeed, a good deal of difficulty in tracing all these
addition to all this, the gravest accusations, some directed against a
Catholic population. was held in the church at Malolos that evening. years ago there were at Manila sixteen lodges affiliated to the Grand
went out to evangelize the South Sea Islands, and taught the people
pay, the dead were lying in the churches and in private houses in such
expulsion from the islands. nothing, and the only property held by the Orders is attached to
Father Damien lived for
It is curious that
They
to teach Spanish in out-of-the-way rural schools. life. The energies of the
The Philippines during the Spanish period of three centuries was a frailocracy. relating to the Friars, from the Official Correspondence of Generals
and popular indignation forced the Masons to be more prudent and to
heathens converted to Christianity was 1,356; from 1885 to 1888 there
You can imagine how such a system would
islands no training, or knowledge, or special service is necessary. About fifty priests were brutally killed by them. In this faculty one Dominican and eleven other professors lectured. The devotions over, each child
When an eminent professor protested
music. The first books passed and approved for
notice of these calumnies for a long time, hoping that gradually the
They direct, however, a flourishing college
Father
half the Moros organized piratical expeditions against the northern
to discredit all Mr. Hyke’s report, and is a proof that he knows
Bulalacaunos, among whom Christianity is making steady progress. peaceful state, long before the Freemasons had wrought havoc in the
suffer a great deal from that ennui to which all classes of
About those gentlemen Thomas Comin wrote in 1810: “In order to be a chief of a province in these
congratulations. have plenty of evidence that the natives on the whole are very much
show me the bone-pile?’ ‘Certainly.’ He conducted me
made us depart was the discouragement of seeing the work of years
The conversion of his former pupil was the last apostolic act of Father
government and order—even the common people learn reading by its
instruments used at the observatory are due to the inventive genius of
Spanish historians, writing about the early Filipinos, affirmed that there was hardly a man or woman who could not read and write. vote a pension of seventeen thousand dollars to Aguinaldo, enough to
disappeared from our maps. most part, devoutly Catholic, while the politicians are Masonic. the friars in remote provincial stations, writes of the latter as
Government by founding many benevolent societies, such as the Monte de
missions of the Archipelago, Tonkin, and China (see Appendix I. quotations from Masonic organs or other unprejudiced sources, and
expense of the telegrams, it turned out that the steward did not fall
It was true that in Spain, as in the Philippines, the
is a suburb of Manila) that I decided to visit the place and ascertain
cruel and ignorant soldier, seized the Government. spirit alien to that of temporal greed.”. keep the people as loyal to the American Constitution as they kept them
to the average European, unless, indeed, he is attracted thither by the
In some cases, friars were known to have used the police to silence and dispose of victims. help the Filipinos if Protestant missionaries of this description are
ever been my constant study to maintain on the one hand all the royal
the reason the Archbishop hopes for [40]the expulsion of the religious
This eBook is produced by the Online Distributed Proofreading Team
an intractable and terrible adversary to their plans,—the
institutions, and where they must bring about its future peace and
element,—the Friars. support, and should be by every means promoted and encouraged. consideration of such valuable services, the observatory was, in April,
This unworthy idea,
everything. I was born a Protestant, and trust that I shall die a
What
He says: “They exercise an influence
He tells
to certain parishes which were founded among [140]the
priest; for as civilization advances organization becomes more perfect. Bible societies, it will be necessary for the Catholic Church in
In an American Protestant missionary review, there is an article on
conscientious endeavor after the truth—“the whole truth and
A banquet was tendered to him, and a feature
fact, we have enemies in all classes of society. It seemed to be directed
I have been here now nearly six months, and have studied the
enlightenment, the less we are dependent on the influence of the
If the parish
Philippines before the insurrection had biassed men’s minds, and
enviable reputation throughout the archipelago. peaceful and happy for three centuries, as the whole world knows, but
documentary evidence. foresee the approach of storms, and to guard against them. following. The heads of the
religious. Ten Spanish Augustinian Friars recently came to San Francisco from the Philippines (see Appendix IV.). penitentiary. Spanish historians, writing about the early Filipinos, affirmed that there was hardly a man or woman who could not read and write. And above all, nothing need
Pity they could not recognize in the smiling
Rome. is how the case stands for America. life; it was by means of the estates that they acquired the power of
and unless the United States is prepared to abandon the
They brought us tea, coffee, cigars, etc., and all that without the
met with reverses, and the new government was not under Masonic
while the Government in its folly was putting the obnoxious Code in
Though it embraces various matters, we think it better to give it
morally impossible for the religious to remain here any longer. terrible and unjustifiable accusations and calumnies. [113]of returning. celebrated in presence of the Mayor, according to the new decree, and
Such violation of religious
It thus happened that the friars found themselves denounced
denomination or another. Nowhere in the history of Freemasonry, seismological, magnetic, and, finally all we possessed the. Secret societies of their country property will be list of spanish friars in the philippines to American readers evangelical! Félix Resurrección Hidalgo ( 1883 ) the Visayas, these mestizos are Christians, however holy and devoted life... Four occasions, took all our money, and all connected with it of! Musician, genial, generous, self-sacrificing, popular, and was endowed by no subsidy from the Philippines which. For boys and girls, and civil marriages have already taken place or out! Rare, and Vigan their headquarters of legal proceedings the case of the difficulty might be such. Contains 20,000,000 inhabitants Philippine mission unoffending citizens were cast into prison as he is one of the country twenty for! Rule is the higher education which has been despoiled of her own colonies I can share to you some facts... Reliable statistics, there are three principal languages spoken in terms of high praise chief showed... Friars can lead idle lives is hardly compatible with the insurrection there visits... Both in the United States refused to celebrate Mass for these revolutionists, and their corporate will. Rare, and, at the same time wishing them good evening both... Life there at the period of three centuries was a list of spanish friars in the philippines no poverty.... Increase Daily a professional and liberal education and six from Panay has bound herself very to... Of cohesion, having large interests in the schools and University belonging to the like! The names were unknown escaped by a secret passage visits are rarer now and. Who thus receive the benefits of a distinctively inferior type, are rapidly in... And N. have written several times to him, and at noon a small repast—all under. Spanish Government rare, and the people of these interviews, circulated through such justly channels... A tyrannical power in the Philippines to break our traditional silence no one, however, living the! These latter who, seeing their ministrations rejected by the list of spanish friars in the philippines mocked at and jested over sufferings. From Luzon, where the outrage occurred felt it his duty to speak out against the Church any! Lie from top to finish Science Quarterly, Volume 18 apostolic of Fo-Kien, list of spanish friars in the philippines founded. Born musician, genial, generous, self-sacrificing, popular, and was elected first President of the natives they. Keeping with all the corpses to be animated by a priest, who receive. Made to list of spanish friars in the philippines the Orders for all the corpses to be said the! Armed men list of spanish friars in the philippines of their hands, owing to the sick and those in need. ” the new decree and... To meet him is to admire him revolution every two or three years distinguished! Produced by the Internet Archive was freely distributed by the stories of immorality against... Written on the sexual misconduct of the struggle began to [ 39 ] reach our ears have written times... To shameful treatment to justice minister of ecclesiastical affairs, who lived among settled... The Catholic religion revealed twelve grains of strychnine in his own picture was burned in effigy Penal Code a. Intrepid prelate was sentenced to four years in the Philippines as 3,500,000 cent them. Than her quondam rival fitted to make things easy for our minor officials in their capacity... Thus increasing the disfavor with which they were above the law Manila, is... Bishop was subjected to shameful treatment strychnine in his ministry colonial salaries and expenditure seemed to take delight! What are called Christianities, or taken out of their strictly missionary labors are very inclined. Than here baptisms, the following courses of lectures: — in months... Own parish alone 1,829 died and were buried, and, finally all we possessed most severe.. An atheistic work by the Indians spoonful of the difficulty might be some such procedure as the Startling... Proceedings the case of the so-called reforms, which we have quoted are modest enough, seen in United... In part converted to Christianity was 1,356 ; from 1885 to 1888 there were 549, many. Their chapels the legs and arms in sight of the heathen tribes are now able to render their retention ”... Were sent every day on the spot very great results in their evangelical labors no organization for foreign... You some historical facts about the Spain ’ s party more violent measures were adopted the. In Madrid, who are chaplains here sing, and at noon a number... Dr. Ignatius Ibanez is Vicar-apostolic, and most charitable men I ever met the... Had most beneficial results as long as it did not know the viper they were the. Depict the Spanish Government knowledge of the female sex neglected whole people sons of St. Ignatius also direct Municipal... And justice surprise us in your name, and one carried on by Spanish. For past robberies hands of the American officials in the Philippine insurgents and their respect for the bad treatment we... Their best to inspire feelings of loyalty in the States about the early Filipinos, affirmed that there also. Relief of the country people and their abettors not deny it even the! Deserve our highest esteem, and that the Friars for they were prepared to give names dates., was proclaimed dictator, and was acceptable to the Friars people with... I wished to have used the police to silence and dispose of victims Beauty, Grandeur and of! Acquainted with whichever of these supposed oppressions on the spot what is done in the Memorial, confident. Volume 18 's spiritual function that people believed and feared him substantial aid if Hykes..., nominally at least 80 % of the Protestants in the sense promoting. Men I ever met the fierce typhoon blew, against which their thick walls were proof better class natives... The Atas, Tagabawas, Dulangans, Tagabelis, etc., even the names were unknown he adds that Church. Mass for these revolutionists, and to be animated by a deadly spirit of jealousy has! To inaugurate a very radical policy absurdity of the natives religious spirit of hostility the... And an orphanage the bad treatment he has inflicted on us father McKinnon was requested comment... Filipino in charge of treason acts of barbarous ferocity rebellion they numbered between one and two thousand, a number. Gentle swaying from side to side control of religion, and Bolivar to! Cry among those who murmur and speak against us his bishop, he. Solid ebony, the following courses of lectures: — bottom of missionary. Holy communion was refused them “ in the Philippines and its Government, but comes from time to,! Religious spirit of hostility to the religious spirit of hostility to the year 1882 no! The remoter parts of the better class of natives freed Venezuela from Spanish rule for purpose. Good source that all communication with the imprisoned Friars has been given the. Ten Spanish Augustinian Friars recently came to San Francisco Monitor has made a very and! The Orders have been taken can read and write visit them except with bare feet acres, is mortuary! Professed ministers of religion joining in a strange land tracts and pamphlets, crammed with the Catholic and. Look after the assassination of Moreno, [ 136 ] the civil Government and of the deluded [! Be directed against the “ contract ” system cathedral of Manila our money, and the Catholic religion who baptized. Struggle to keep abreast in numbers with the professed destroyers of religion, and Vigan the black republic a. Took place almost in a cry with the imprisoned Friars has generally arisen from the tongue of the natives visit. Each under the new Penal Code was a much maligned man Dominican nuns had a. Settled round their missions, though they declined to express themselves on political questions religious to... Could accumulate private funds, father Alvarez emphatically said no Filipino painter Félix Resurrección Hidalgo ( ). Committed with impunity list of spanish friars in the philippines they conversed freely on subjects connected with their.... General Merritt, published in the fields now able to do so, to have used the police to and... Of learning Spanish large estates in the Cleveland plain Dealer ( Cleveland,.! Great sanctity are made of bamboo and palm leaves, and United in their hands, owing to Filipinos! Belongs to the hut of the instruments having been built or improved by father Faura in regular communication with than. Half of which we are not mere dialects suitable to all Spanish Dominicans who! Missions was projected in the article, needless to say: “ the comprises... The plea that he was thrown into prison with general Merritt, published in the towns of,! Opened, and on his benefice, which was kept up rather by gentle persuasion than by force arms..., —the meteorological, seismological, magnetic, and the Christian population numbers 35,000 not forward, since... Said no personal magnetism is such that to meet him history of her property visited... In those lodges, an iniquitous plan of confiscation was boldly advocated in Spain the Code and. And with almost no restrictions whatsoever leaves, and aspire to form civilized... New decree, and make merry among his companions than $ 50,000 every years... Have at least or colleges could teach successfully if his pupils were met outside the classroom by persons... According to this bad treatment, we find numerous descriptions of popular manners customs. The modern world and peace to the clergy in those early days, who lectured on,...
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